President Donald Trump signed two executive orders Thursday aimed at restricting birthright citizenship in limited circumstances and increasing scrutiny of birth tourism, reopening a legal and political battle over an issue that has been at the center of his immigration agenda. The White House said one order directs federal agencies to deny automatic U.S. citizenship in specific cases involving children born to foreign diplomats, individuals designated as enemy aliens during wartime, and cases where officials determine citizenship was obtained through fraud. A second order instructs federal agencies to strengthen efforts against birth tourism, the practice of foreign nationals traveling to the United States primarily to give birth so their children acquire U.S. citizenship.

The executive actions come weeks after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the 14th Amendment protects birthright citizenship for nearly all children born on American soil, rejecting a broader executive order issued earlier this year. The court reaffirmed the long-standing interpretation of the Citizenship Clause, which has generally guaranteed citizenship to people born in the United States since the amendment was adopted after the Civil War, with only limited exceptions such as children of foreign diplomats. Immigration advocates and civil liberties organizations have indicated they are preparing new legal challenges, arguing that the latest orders remain inconsistent with the Constitution and established legal precedent.